A mammogram scan is a valuable tool to assess your breast health. Mammograms are typically ordered for 2 reasons: screening mammograms proactively scan for any breast abnormalities, whereas, diagnostic mammograms diagnose those experiencing concerning symptoms, such as a breast lump.
Finding breast cancer early is critical to the effective treatment of the disease, and regular mammogram screening can help alert your doctor to new changes in breast tissue. Draft 2023 mammogram guidelines issued by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) suggest that a woman at average risk of breast cancer should receive a mammogram scan every 2 years beginning at 40 years old. In Canada, the starting age for screening without a referral depends on which province or territory you live in.
Some women may be at greater risk and may need to have mammogram scans more often. Your doctor may send you for a mammogram as young as 30 years old if you are a carrier of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene or have had radiation to your chest since these factors increase your lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. In these high-risk populations, breast MRI is also recommended for screening.
If it’s time for your mammogram scan you may have questions about the appointment, including:
Understanding how mammograms work and how regular screening benefits you helps you stay on top of your health and have more informed discussions with your physician about the results.
A mammogram is an X-ray that allows your healthcare team to assess the tissue of your breast for irregularities, including masses. Mammograms help your doctor investigate any abnormalities like lumps you may feel while doing a breast self-exam, but they can also catch masses too small for you to feel.
Mammogram scans use X-ray technology to examine breast tissue. While patients are exposed to very small amounts of ionizing radiation during a mammogram, the benefits of catching breast cancer early outweigh the radiation exposure in the screening population. If you have concerns about the impact of the radiation from a mammogram, speak with your doctor to better understand the risks of the procedure.
There are different types of mammogram scans, such as:
After your mammogram scan, the mammography technician will send the images of your screening to a radiologist. A radiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using medical imaging. Once a radiologist has assessed your mammogram scan, they will send the report to your doctor, who will schedule an appointment to discuss any results.
It’s critical that your radiologist has access to all available images before providing an opinion on a mammogram scan. A lack of available prior images—which may have been obtained at a different medical imaging facility—can lead to missed cancer or unnecessary procedures.
As a patient, you can use PocketHealth to access any prior mammogram results from other sites and have the option to share those historical results so that the radiologist has access to all prior scans when reviewing your recent mammogram results. Access your records here.
Regular scans can reduce the risk of serious outcomes from breast cancer. The USPSTF breast cancer screening guidelines for 2023 recommend that women with average breast density should get regular mammogram scans from ages 40 to 74. In Canada, women between the ages 50 and 74 can self-refer for a mammogram every 2 years, but some provinces and territories, like British Columbia, start screening as early as age 40.
Breast tissue density is an important factor when considering breast cancer risk and screening. A mammogram can show the radiologist how much fibroglandular breast tissue is in your breasts. Women with very dense breasts, containing a lot of fibroglandular tissue (>75% dense tissue or category D), have an increased risk of developing breast cancer and should receive regular mammogram scans. Dense breast tissue can make mammogram scans less effective, so speak to your doctor if you’re concerned you may fall into this category.
For more information on dense breast cancer screening in Canada and the U.S., check out this article.
Data from the American Cancer Society and the Canadian Cancer Society shows that, besides skin cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. If you have no signs or symptoms of breast disease during screening, the USPSTF recommends a mammogram every two years for all women at average risk of breast cancer between the ages of 40 and 74 years of age.
If you have signs or symptoms of breast disease (such as a new lump or bloody nipple discharge), you should undergo a diagnostic workup which often includes mammography. You should not wait for a regular screening mammogram in this situation.
When it comes to screening, some risk factors might mean your physician recommends you have mammogram scans more often or that screening must also be performed with a breast MRI. Your doctor may send you for a mammogram as young as 30 years old if you are a carrier of the BRCA1 or BRCA 2 gene or have had radiation therapy to your chest since both factors increase your risk of developing breast cancer, but other risk factors can change how often you have a scan.
Speak to your doctor if you believe you’re at increased risk of breast cancer. For example, high-risk screening often also includes a breast MRI.
Other reasons you should talk to your doctor about a mammogram scan include:
A mammogram scan is effective at screening for breast cancer because it allows the radiologist to see very small abnormalities in breast tissue, even those too small to feel with a physical exam. Mammogram scans allow malignant abnormalities to be detected early, increasing the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
Early detection with mammography improves breast cancer survival. Research in 2020 shows that women who participate in breast cancer screening are up to 41% less likely to die over the ten years following detection.
Although regular mammogram screening can make treatment more effective because cancer is caught early, mammograms also have limitations. Some cancers cannot be detected on a mammogram because of the nature or location of the cancer, or the density of breast tissue. Mammograms can also lead to unnecessary anxiety, inconvenience and additional procedures: most screening mammograms that are interpreted as abnormal turn out to be normal tissue or benign disease after further imaging or breast biopsy.
No test is perfect. The baseline risk of cancer in the screening-eligible population is about 5 in 1000, increasing with age or other risk factors. Like all tests, mammograms can give false-positive or false-negative results, meaning the images do not accurately represent what’s happening in your body.
With a false-negative result, a mammogram indicates that there are no concerning irregularities in your breast tissue—when there may actually be some concerning abnormalities. The National Cancer Institute states that mammograms can miss cancer that is present at the time of the scan and give false-negative results about 20% of the time.
On the flip side, a false-positive result indicates there is an area of concern on the mammogram when there isn’t one actually present in your breast. Research indicates that false-positive results happen in about 12% of screening mammography scans.
False-positive and false-negative mammogram results can cause a lot of stress to the patient and lead to unnecessary testing or, in some cases, can cause cancerous results to be missed.
A mammogram is an integral part of breast cancer screening and requires only a short appointment, but there are some steps you can take to prepare in advance for your scan:
If you’re concerned about pain during your appointment, ask your doctor if over-the-counter medication can help reduce discomfort.
The technologist will go over the mammogram procedure with you and outline each step during your appointment. If you have any questions about the details of the process or what to expect, you can ask for clarification before the examination begins.
Before or during your mammogram appointment, you can also ask:
After your mammogram appointment, your doctor will schedule a follow-up call or in-person appointment to discuss your image results and report provided by the radiologist. At this appointment, you can ask any questions about your results, such as:
Your imaging results are interpreted by a radiologist—an expert in medical imaging—who carefully reviews your scans and provides a detailed report of any findings. This report is then sent to your referring physician, who, with a deeper understanding of your medical history and past exams, can offer further insights and recommendations on next steps in a follow-up appointment.
Turnaround times for imaging results can vary widely depending on the facility and your doctor’s availability. Often, patients wait a week or more and receive their results during a follow-up appointment. With PocketHealth, your imaging results are securely accessible as soon as they’re approved for release by the hospital or imaging clinic. This allows you the opportunity to review your results and prepare questions ahead of your follow-up visit.
To help you understand your mammogram results, PocketHealth provides clear definitions and illustrations for complex medical terms—plus an in-depth explanation of your full imaging report. This is paired with highlights of key anatomy in your imaging to help you better comprehend what you’re looking at.
“PocketHealth allows me to stay informed about my results, especially results that doctors may feel [are trivial]. Thanks to PocketHealth, I now know I have a breast cyst with a 2% chance of malignancy. Without access to my reports, I would never have been aware of this until potentially too late.”
– Mammogram Patient
Mammogram scans can show different areas of irregularities within your breast tissue. Both normal and abnormal mammogram images can show other parts of your breast tissue that aren’t related to cancer but may indicate a different health concern or may be completely benign, including cysts, fibroadenomas or calcifications. Here’s a list of common irregularities in breast tissue found by mammograms:
Normal and abnormal mammogram images will show some differences, but all mammograms will have a black background and show the image of the breast in variations of grey. In general, denser tissue appears white and less-dense tissue, including fat, appears black or gray.
Created by the American College of Radiology, the BI-RADS is used to report the results of every mammogram scan. The system accounts for the results of the mammogram and recommends follow-up tests, if needed, and indicates the degree of the risk that an abnormality may be cancerous.
BI-RADS works by organizing the results of each mammogram into categories based on cancer risk. Each category is given a number, with lower numbers indicating no risk or benign changes and higher numbers indicating areas of breast cancer concern. A BI-RADS category of “0” indicates an incomplete scan, so additional testing or a repeat mammogram is required.
Depending on the results of your mammogram scan, your doctor may send you for other breast examinations, including a breast ultrasound, a breast MRI or molecular breast imaging. These tests can be useful in determining whether a lump is a solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst, or, if cancer has been detected, can indicate how advanced the disease is. In some cases, different breast imaging tests will be used in conjunction with each other to ensure no cancer has been missed.
If you’ve missed or delayed a regular mammogram scan, it’s never too late to start or to catch up—early detection of breast cancer can improve treatment outcomes. Being proactive about regular mammogram scans can alert you and your doctor to irregularities in your breast tissue, and in cases where these irregularities are dangerous, make it more likely you will begin treatment quickly.
If you’re located in Ontario, you have the option to get your breast cancer risk score and determine your eligibility for Ontario Breast Screening Program (OBSP), as part of PocketHealth’s suite of breast health tools. If you’re eligible for OBSP, you can even book your next mammogram directly through PocketHealth.
PocketHealth makes it simple to keep track of your medical imaging results. All of your images and reports are permanently available in one secure location and can be accessed online—anytime, anywhere. Reports can also be easily shared with other members of your care team, if needed. When used in conjunction with your medical provider’s professional advice, it is a powerful tool to better understand your imaging results.
PocketHealth also provides personalized health insights based on the findings in your report to help you stay on top of any next steps. This includes clearly surfacing any follow-up actions found in your report and generating customized questions to ask your doctor so you can make the most of your follow-up appointment.
Learn more about how to use PocketHealth to securely access and share your mammogram results.
Medical content review provided by Ben Fine, MD. Any health-related information contained in this post is intended to provide general education only and is not medical advice. This should not be used as a substitute for the advice you receive from your healthcare provider.
Published: September 6, 2023
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